Основные тенденции развития негосударственного образования в КНР в XXI веке

Maria A. Guleva

doi:10.21638/spbu13.2022.202

Authors

Maria A. Guleva Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.202

Abstract

Since the beginning of the 21st century, educating a population capable to ensure high growth rates and to improve qualitative characteristics has become crucial for modern China. The Chinese authorities proclaimed science and education to be the “foundation” of socialist modernization and the “root” of further development of the Chinese society. To deepen the transformation in education initiated under the policies of reform and opening up, China’s educational system has come a long way. Until recently, the main focus for the authorities was the public education system. The private education sector, although formally enjoying political support from the state, nevertheless developed rather chaotically. Economic reforms in the country created the preconditions for increasing educational demand of the population not only for public but also private education, which was facilitated by a number of factors, including growth of welfare and urbanization. However, the development of the sphere of nongovernmental education had pronounced regional specifics, so it occurred rather unevenly. Recently, the development of private educational institutions has become one of the areas, on which the authorities have actively started working on. The article provides an overview of the development of private education in China, touches on the problems and peculiarities of the development of the private education sector, the impact of the pandemic, prerequisites and the upcoming reforms in the industry in the nearest future.

Keywords:

China, private education, minban, non-state educational institutions, reforms, pandemic

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Gǎigé kāifàng 40 nián, wǒ qīnlì de zhōngguó mínbàn jiàoyù de fǎ zhǎn biànqiān [40 years of reform and opening up, I have experienced the development and changes of private education in China]. Dì yī jiàoyù. Available at: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/rllQd1ZXQAcOCOUOKnQ3ig (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

M. Bray. Research on Comparative Education. Approaches and methods. Мoscow, HSE Publishing House, 2020, рр. 158–160. (In Russian)

Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó xiànfǎ [The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China]. Official Website of the State Council of PRC. Available at: http://www.gov.cn/test/2005-06/14/content_6310.htm (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Wu Daguan, He Xuelian. Non-State Education in the PRC. Eds N. E. Borevskaya, Zhu Xiaoman. Russia — China: Educational Reforms at the Turn of 20th–21st Centuries: Comparative Analysis. Мoscow, without a publisher, 2007, рр. 327–342. (In Russian)

Mínbàn gāoděng jiàoyù kàng fēngxiǎn nénglì gēng qiáng [Private higher education has stronger anti-risk capability]. Zhōngguāncūn hùliánwǎng jiàoyù chuàngxīn zhōngxīn. Available at: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/gaADBIbUOFatT9Hum9Pt2w (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Zhōngguó tǒngjì niánjiàn 2020 [China Statistical Yearbook 2020]. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2020/indexch.htm (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Mínbàn zhōng xiǎoxué jiàoyù fāzhǎn de qūshì, tiǎozhàn yǔ duìcè [Trends, Challenges and Countermeasures for the Development of Private Primary and Secondary Education]. Zhōngguó jiàoyù xué kān. Available at: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fkBFZaw4GIAk7i5Wnf_Lzw. (In Chinese)

Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó mínbàn jiàoyù cùjìn fǎ [The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Promotion of Private Education]. Official Website of the Ministry of Education of PRC. Available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/npc/xinwen/2019-01/07/content_2070265.htm (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Zhōng xiǎoxíng mínbàn yuán de fǎ zhǎn zhī lù [The development of small and medium-sized private gardens]. Zhīyīn lǜshī tán. Available at: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nqn_kBeoMWVyoYKyhXcw2g (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó mínbàn jiàoyù cùjìn fǎ shíshī tiáo [Implementation Articles of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Promotion of Private Education]. Official Website of the State Council of PRC. Available at: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2021–05/14/content_5606463.htm (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Yìqíng chángtài huà bèijǐng xià wǒguó mínbàn jiàoyù fāzhǎn miànlín de tiǎozhàn hé duìcè [Challenges and countermeasures facing the development of private education in my country under the background of the normalization of the epidemic]. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Available at: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Cu3wc5bnVEulaTS6MzfkPA (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Zhèngquè lǐjiě mínbàn jiàoyù de gōngyì xìng, cùjìn mínbàn jiàoyù jiànkāng fāzhǎn [Correctly understand the public welfare of private education and promote the healthy development of private education]. Jiemodui. Available at: https://www.jiemodui.com/N/124784 (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Duō de mínbàn xuéxiào dàfú zhǎng jià, měi qī xuéfèi gāodá 4 wàn yuán, jiāzhǎng: Shàng bù qǐ xuéle! [The price of private schools in many places has risen sharply, and the tuition fee for each period is as high as 40,000 yuan. Parents: I can’t afford to go to school!]. Wēi píng jiàoyù. Available at: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1699631417868149977&wfr=spider&for=pc (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Private education to be promoted. Official Website of the State Council of PRC. Available at: http://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latestreleases/202105/14/content_WS609e6a5cc6d0df57f98d9852.html (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Tán yī tán mínbàn yòu’éryuán tóuzī fēngxiǎn de kòngzhì [Talk about the control of investment risk in private kindergartens]. Sina. Available at: https://t.cj.sina.com.cn/articles/view/3949237910/eb64969602000sxb9?sudaref=www.google.com&display=0&retcode=0 (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

In China, Thousands of ‘Minban’ Teachers Stage Protests Over Lack of Pay or Benefits. Radio Free Asia. Available at: https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/teachers–05292018130744.html (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

2021 Nián zhōngguó mínbàn jiàoyù hángyè shìchǎng xiànzhuàng, jìngzhēng géjú jí fāzhǎn qiánjǐng fēnxī jīgòu guīmó huò jiāng chíxù kuòzhāng [Analysis of the market status, competition pattern and development prospects of China’s private education industry in 2021 The scale of institutions may continue to expand]. Available at: https://bg.qianzhan.com/trends/detail/506/210219-071ac767.html (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Mínbàn jiàoyù, zhōng chéng gōngyì [Private education will eventually become a public welfare] Xueqiu. Available at: https://xueqiu.com/6078704079/180419437 (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese).

Guānyú jìnyībù jiǎnqīng yìwù jiàoyù jiēduàn xuéshēng zuòyè fùdān hé xiàowài péixùn fùdān de yìjiàn [Opinions on further reducing the burden of homework and off-campus training for students in compulsory education]. Official Website of the Ministry of Education of PRC. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/moe_1777/moe_1778/202107/t20210724_546576.html (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Ministry sets out after-school plans. China Daily. Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202107/14/WS60ee508ba310efa1bd661c83.html (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó guómín jīngjì hé shèhuì fāzhǎn dì shísì gè wǔ nián guīhuà hé 2035 nián yuǎnjǐng mùbiāo gāngyào [The 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and the Outline of the Vision for 2035]. Official Website of the National Development and Reform Commission. Available at: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghwb/202103/t20210323_1270124.html?code=&state=123 (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)

Zhèngcè suō jǐn, zīběn qū lěng, mínbàn jiàoyù jiāng miànlín zhuǎnxíng tiǎozhàn [Tightening policies and cooling capital, private education will face transformation challenges]. Jiemodui. Available at: https://www.jiemodui.com/N/120346 (accessed: 30.07.2021). (In Chinese)